![Cal Fire firefighter at the scene of an active fire.](jpg/060122-calfire-series-illustration-cm.jpg)
Trial by fire: The trauma of fighting California’s wildfires
California’s firefighters describe a broken and depleted fire service suffering a hidden, smoldering crisis. Across the state, Cal Fire crews that fight wildfires opened up to tell CalMatters their heart-wrenching stories — exhaustion on the firelines, weeks on duty without respite, suicidal thoughts, never-ending trauma and the terror and pain of seeing their colleagues injured or killed.
As California’s wildfires intensify and burn year-round, its firefighters suffer from the increasing strain of post-traumatic stress. Decisions made while struggling with lack of sleep, long hours and stress could endanger not just the crews, but the public, too. What is the state doing to respond? Overwhelmingly, California’s firefighters and mental-health experts say, “Not nearly enough.” Cal Fire has been slow to address PTSD and suicides among its ranks, and firefighters routinely encounter problems getting workers’ comp insurance to cover their care.
California’s wildfire crews carry a heavy and growing burden: They leave the fire lines, but the fire never leaves them.
Trial by Fire, a four-part series, was reported and written by Julie Cart and edited by Marla Cone. Photography and videos were by Ariana Drehsler, Martin do Nascimento, Miguel Gutierrez Jr. and Julie Hotz. Data visualizations and analysis were by Jeremia Kimelman, Erica Yee and John D’Agostino. Illustrations were by Victor Lowe and Julie Hotz. Production by Liliana Michelena.
![As wildfires intensify, thousands of overworked California firefighters carry a heavy load of trauma, pain and grief. Here, firefighter Jose Corona sprays water as flames from the Camp Fire consume a home in Magalia on Nov. 9, 2018. Photo by Noah Berger, AP Photo](jpg/110918-camp-fire-fire-fighter-ap-cm-01aafe.jpg)
![Ryan Mitchell fought fires for Cal Fire for 12 years, rising to the rank of captain, before shocking everyone by jumping off a bridge in a remote part of San Diego County. Illustration by Miguel Gutierrez Jr., CalMatters; iStock](jpg/060922-ryan-mitchell-fire-fighters-ptsd-cm-01aafe.jpg)
![Noelle BahnmilleCal Fire Battalion Chief Noelle Bahnmiller, shown at n Bradley on March 9, 2022. Photo by Martin do Nascimento, CalMatters](jpg/030922-noelle-bahnmiller-calfire-mhn-06-cmaafe.jpg)
![CalFire Battalion Chief Brad Niven at his home in Sonora on June 8, 2022. Photo by Julie Hotz for CalMatters](jpg/060822_brad_niven_calfire_jh_cm_89aafe.jpg)
![Retired CalFire firefighter Todd Nelson in Nevada City on March 19, 2024. Nelson suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder resulting from trauma experienced during his firefighting career. Photo by Loren Elliott for CalMatters](jpg/031924_todd-nelson_le_cm_10aafe.jpg)
![Todd Nelson and Jennifer Alexander conduct a brainspotting exercise that involves Nelsen wearing firefighting equipment at Alexander's office in Gold River on April 24, 2024. Photo by Cristian Gonzalez for CalMatters](jpg/042424_therapy_cg-cm-23aafe.jpg)